Definitions

The word agnostic comes from the Greek a-, meaning without and gn?sis, meaning knowledge. Agnostic means "without knowledge." In technology, agnostic means that the item is not specific to a set method or other item, but instead can function with a variety of methods or other items. The agnostic item functions without "knowing" the details of the items with which it is working, or the system with which it is within.

Technology agnosticism is accomplished through compliance with widely-used standards or the item is designed and built to be agnostic and able to interact with a variety of other types of items.

Software, including databases, operating systems, platforms; hardware, including devices; standards, protocols, even business processes can be "agnostic." Examples are as follows:

• Cross-platform software applications are platform-agnostic and operate on any combination of operating systems and architecture.
• Software applications may be device-agnostic and operate on various types of computers, tablets, and mobile devices.
• Software applications such as business analytics (BA) and enterprise resource planning (ERP), may be database-agnostic and operate with any vendor's database management system (DBMS)
• Software may be protocol-agnostic and be independent of communication protocols by negotiating protocols with its peer, then starting communication
• Software may be business process agnostic with the logic being isolated and the software is able to function in different business processes.
• Software, middle ware, hardware, can be vendor agnostic and able to interact with products of different vendors
• Licensing of software may be hardware agnostic and be per device or per user, rather than each license set for a specific device or virtual machine.

Cloud refers to cloud computing in which users access applications, data, data storage, or all of those on shared resources, for free or for payment, thereby avoiding the higher cost of owning and maintaining any, or all of those resources.

The Created time stamp is the time the data was created in the database and is unchangeable. The Origin time stamp is the time the data is created on the device, device services, sensor, or object that collected the data before the data was sent to ____ and the database.

Usually, the Origin and Created time stamps are the same, or very close to being the same. On occasion the sensor may be a long way from the gateway or even in a different time zone, and the Origin and Created time stamps may be quite different.

HTTP method (similar to a command) used in a RESTful API. "DELETE" deletes items. DELETE should be used cautiously and deliberately because it permanently removes items.

• For a collection of items such as http://example.com/groupofitems DELETE deletes the ENTIRE collection.
• For an individual item such as http://example.com/groupofitems/item92 DELETE deletes just the single item, in this example numbered "92."

Open source software that automates the deployment of applications inside of software containers.

Paraphrased from the website of Docker at www.docker.com:

Docker packages application dependencies in containers for portability and redictability for development, testing, and deployment. Docker isolates applications in containers to eliminate conflicts and enhance security. Developers don’t have to install and configure complex databases nor worry about switching between incompatible language toolchain versions....that complexity is pushed into containers that are easily built, shared and run. Docker works with any stack and Developers can deploy both microservices and traditional applications.

HTTP method (similar to a command) used in a RESTful API. "GET" retrieves information on items. GET does not alter the item or the data in any way and is "safe" to use.

For a collection of items such as http://example.com/groupofitems GET lists the URIs and other details of the items in the collection.
For an individual item such as http://example.com/groupofitems/item92 GET shows details of that specific item, in this instance, Item # 92.

An object-oriented, high-level computer programming language. Some of __________ is written in Java.

Java is different than JavaScript.

Data that provides information about other data. An example is a catalog of book titles. The catalog itself does not have the content you want to read, but provides information about how to obtain the book that has the content you want to read.

The Origin time stamp is the time the data is created on the device, device services, sensor, or object that collected the data before the data is sent to ____ and the database. The Created time stamp is the time the data was created in the database.

Usually, the Origin and Created time stamps are the same or very close to the same. On occasion the sensor may be a long way from the gateway or even in a different time zone, and the Origin and Created time stamps may be quite different.

A cloud-based environment in which to develop, run, test, and maintain web-based applications. The PaaS environment provides the entire IT resource stack as a service and provides all of the facilities required to support the complete life cycle of building and delivering web-based applications.

Using PaaS enables the creation and deployment of web-based application software without the cost and complexity of buying and managing underlying hardware, operating software, and utilities. Using PaaS therefore enables Developers to accelerate the pace of developing applications while reducing the complexity because Developers can provision, deploy, and manage applications using one unified management system.

By using PaaS, Developers get their application to market faster, and can innovate and experiment with new technologies using existing public, private, or hybrid cloud infrastructures.

Polyglot
(and Polyglotism)

An application or system written in multiple programming languages and/or using multiple application development frameworks and tools.  _________ is a polyglot system because each of the microsystems are written in different programming languages, using many different  tools and technologies.  To date, __________ microservices are written in Java, Python, Node.js (JavaScript), and Go.

HTTP method (similar to a command) used in a RESTful API. "POST" creates or adds new information, a new record or file of items. POST does not alter existing items or existing data in any way and is "safe" to use.

For a collection of items such as http://example.com/groupofitems POST creates 1 new item within the collection.
For an individual item such as http://example.com/groupofitems/item92 POST is not usually used, since POST creates 1 new item in the collection.

HTTP method (similar to a command) used in a RESTful API. "PUT" replaces or updates information on items. PUT should be used cautiously and deliberately because it permanently removes old data and replaces it with new data.

For a collection of items such as http://example.com/groupofitems PUT replaces the entire collection with a new collection.
For an individual item such as http://example.com/groupofitems/item92 PUT replaces the specific item of #92 of the collection with new information, or if it that item does not exist, then PUT creates that item and adds it.

Representational State Transfer, or RESTful web services. Use REST with ________.

Unlike SOAP-based Web services, no "official" standard for RESTful Web APIs exists. REST is not a standard, but RESTful implementations make use of standards, such as HTTP, URI, JSON, and XML. REST is an architectural style, while SOAP is a protocol.

Use 1 of 4 HTTP methods in a RESTful API (see each entry in this table for details on each HTTP method):

• GET retrieves information
• POST creates/adds new information
• PUT replaces/updates information
• DELETE deletes/removes information

Rules engines are important to IoT edge systems.

A rules engine is a software system that is connected to a collection of data (either database or data stream). The rules engine examines various elements of the data and monitors the date, and then triggers some action based on the results of the monitoring of the data it. 

Basically, a rules engine is a collection of "If-Then" conditional statements. The "If" informs the rules engine what data to look at and what ranges or values of data must match in order to trigger the "Then" part of the statement, which then informs the rules engine what action to take or what external resource to call on, when the data is a match to the "If" statement. 

Most rules engines can be dynamically programmed meaning that new "If-Then" statements or rules can be provided while the engine is running. The rules are often defined by some type of rule language with simple syntax to enable non-Developers to provide the new rules.

Rules engines are one of the simplest forms of "edge analytics" provided in IoT systems.  Rules engines enable data picked up by IoT sensors to be monitored and acted upon (actuated).  Typically, the actuation is accomplished on another IoT device or sensor.  For example, a temperature sensor in an equipment enclosure may be monitored by a rules engine to detect when the temperature is getting too warm (or too cold) for safe or optimum operation of the equipment.  The rules engine, upon detecting temperatures outside of the acceptable range, shuts off the equipment in the enclosure.